The work of God
Vaccinations defile or adulterate the human body, which was created in God’s image
Religious authority
Religious passages or leaders prohibiting vaccination
Appeal to natural order
Vaccines interfere with the natural order of things or are against God’s will
Impurity
Vaccines contain materials that are prohibited (e.g., porcine products and fetal cells)
Rejection of modernity
Concerns raised by groups practicing a lifestyle that avoids modern technology
Traditionalism
Adhering to one’s own cultural tradition is deemed more important than vaccination
Politicisation of vaccines
The science and actions behind vaccinations is shaped by political and economic agendas
Libertarianism
Vindication of civil liberties against medical authoritarianism and overreaching states
Science-related populism
Science and scientists as belonging to a malign elite group opposed to ordinary people
Disease disappears by itself
The disease will disappear on its own, following a natural cycle










